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The Kadant Blog

Fluid Handling


Steam, Paper Drying, and the Bottom Line

Because energy drives the papermaking process, steam is found in many energy streams in a paper mill. Steam is used to cook fibers for improved sheet strength, heat stock for improved drainage, heat process air for ventilation, heat dryers to dry paper, and selectively heat the web for improved gloss and smoothness.

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Vacuum Breaker Best Practice: Keeping Contamination Out

Vacuum breakers are frequently installed with the air inlet port facing up. This orientation can lead to contaminants entering the steam system and potentially accumulating on the ball, seat, and cage area of the vacuum breaker.

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Pressure Powered Pump Alternative Reduces Maintenance

There are thousands of electric centrifugal pumps in service used to pump condensate. These pumps are either simplex or duplex condensate pump units and operated with a mechanical float switch assembly.

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Paper Dryer Fabric Tension Impacts Dryer Performance

Dryer fabrics, often called dryer “felts”, are used to hold paper against the outer surfaces of steam-heated drying cylinders. The pressure from the dryer fabrics increases the rate of heat transfer from the dryer to the paper. The pressure that is applied to the paper depends on the fabric tension and the diameter of the dryer. The pressure can be calculated, as a first approximation, by the equation:

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Steam Hammer in Continuous Casting of Steel

Continuous casting of steel is the process where molten steel is solidified into a semi-finished billet, bloom, or slab for subsequent rolling in the finishing mills. Effective water cooling of continuous casting rolls is critical. Any drop in water pressure, even from a leaking hose, can result in reduced water flow causing water to remain in the rolls longer than recommended.

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Does your vacuum breaker experience sporadic periods of chattering and spit out condensate?

A newly installed steam injection water heater with a ½” vacuum breaker was experiencing sporadic periods where the vacuum breaker chattered rapidly and “spit out” condensate. Once the water heater reached its set point, the chattering stopped and did not reappear for hours. Chatter will eventually destroy the cage that holds the spring and ball-check in place on the vacuum breaker.

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